Spatial variation of soil bacteria communities and its alpha diversity as a potential bioindicator of land degradation

This study aimed at determining the community structure and diversity of soil bacteria in several land-use changes as an environmental bioindicator. research was conducted areas intensive agriculture (PI), monoculture abandoned old-coffee plantation (KTT), mixed-young coffee (HLS), secondary forest/reference site (RS) UB Forest (UBF) area, Malang, Indonesia. Soil samples were taken a composite three different points each area using ring depth 0-20 cm. The 16S rRNA gene used to determine structure, species richness, diversity, ecological index (Chao1, Shannon, Simpson, ACE) NGS approach. Statistical data analysed R QIIME software. phylum level displayed same pattern all sites where Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi dominant groups. Conversely, bacterial composition showed differences between genus level. Alpha agricultural (PI, KTT, HLS) higher than forest (RS), but it not followed by beta diversity. distinct influenced physicochemical properties studied area. Therefore, taxa suggested being potential bioindicator degradation due change this study. indicators can be utilized evaluate or monitor alteration quality terms restoration rehabilitation.